Handbook

Feb

2020

How to determine objectives in 3 easy steps

Seven sorts of knowledge constitute the foundation of capabilities in an organization. Such capabilities usually do not come naturally. This post explains how to determine objectives for developing capabilities.

Steps to determine objectives

Suppose that you want to develop a certain capability in your organization. How can you determine an objective for this? You can do this in three steps.

Advantage

Define which advantage the capability brings.

Direction

Define a course of action for developing the capability.

Priority

Define the importance and urgency of developing the capability.

Advantage

You can perform a VRIO analysis to identify the advantage a capability brings to your organization. This allows you to find out four relevant properties. These properties are:

Valuable

Able to exploit opportunities and defend against threats.

Rare

Scarce and difficult to acquire.

Inimitable

Hard to copy or substitute.

Organized

Set up to capitalize on resources.

Direction

Determine a course of action for developing a capability as follows:

Pivot

If it is valuable but non-existent (in your organization).

Refine

If it is existent and valuable, but not rare.

Integrate

If it is existent, valuable, and rare, but not inimitable.

Support

If it is existent, valuable, rare, and inimitable, but not organized.

Maintain

If it is existent, valuable, rare, inimitable, and organized.

Priority

Determine a priority for developing a capability as follows:

If its development is urgent and requires your personal attention.

Plan

If its development is less urgent but requires your personal attention.

Delegate

If its development is urgent but does not require your personal attention.

Eliminate

If its development is less urgent and does not require your personal attention.

Nov

2019

7 sorts of knowledge that determine the power of design

Designers continually develop knowledge with customers, commissioners, users, fellow designers, partners, and other stakeholders. They acquire, create, and share knowledge of different sorts. This post explains which sorts of knowledge a team needs to accomplish design work.

Sorts of knowledge

A team’s organization rests on the following sorts of knowledge and their interrelationships.

Strategy: the plan to accomplish design goals.
Structure: the way of organizing design work.
Systems: processes and procedures of design.
Style: the way designers approach design.
Specialisms: fields of specialization of designers.
Skills: talents and abilities of designers.
Shared values: accepted values, norms, and standards for designing.

7 sorts of design knowledge

These seven sorts almost entirely correspond with the seven internal factors in the McKinsey 7S Model. Other points of departure are conceivable, but the McKinsey 7S Model applies well in practice. Furthermore, many managers know this model. For a brief introduction to this model, see, for instance, Strategic Management Insight or Investopedia.

In practice, the two sorts Systems and Style may be hard to distinguish. For instance, a design team may define style as the processes and procedures the team members have agreed to follow. In such cases, you may conveniently combine the two sorts into one sort, System.

Framework for design knowledge

The seven sorts of knowledge and their interrelationships form a framework that can be used to:

Analyze a design activity.
Grow knowledge that is of interest to design work.
Make design knowledge part of a team’s DNA.